Article
Amino Acid Table
Explore essential amino acids and their abbreviations, including Alanine, Arginine, and Tryptophan, for a comprehensive understanding.
Open resource →Free learning library
Study with structures, models, and experiments—not isolated facts.
Browse all 78 retained resources from the CochranLearning.com archive, organized by topic and available at their preserved routes.
25 resources
Amino acids
Animation & article
L-Glutamate (Glu, E)
Explore the properties of Glutamic Acid, its molecular weight, and insightful resources including PubChem and KEGG for deep learning.
Open resource →Animation & article
L-Aspartate (Asp, D)
Explore the essential properties and applications of Aspartic Acid, including its molecular weight and chemical information.
Open resource →Animation & article
L-Histidine (His, H)
Explore the importance of Histidine in biochemistry, its molecular weight, and links to key databases like PubChem and KEGG.
Open resource →Animation & article
L-Lysine (Lys, K)
Discover the essential details about Lysine, its molecular weight, and resources like PubChem and KEGG in this informative article.
Open resource →Animation & article
L-Arginine (Arg, R)
Discover the essential information about L-Arginine, its molecular weight, and references from PubChem, KEGG, and more.
Open resource →Animation & article
L-Tyrosine (Tyr, Y)
Discover the chemistry of L-Tyrosine with insights on its molecular weight, properties, and titration curve. Learn more here!
Open resource →Animation & article
L-Phenylalanine (Phe, F)
Explore the properties and significance of Phenylalanine, including its molecular weight and related resources in biochemistry.
Open resource →Animation & article
L-Tryptophan (Trp, W)
Explore the science of Tryptophan, its properties, sources, and significance in health with comprehensive resources and visual aids.
Open resource →Animation & article
L-Threonine (Thr, T)
Explore the properties of Threonine, including molecular weight and chemical insights. Unlock its significance in biology and nutrition.
Open resource →Animation & article
L-Glutamine (Gln, Q)
Discover the properties, significance, and applications of Glutamine in biochemistry and nutrition.
Open resource →Animation & article
L-Asparagine (Asn, N)
Discover the properties and significance of L-Asparagine, its molecular weight, and detailed resources for deeper understanding.
Open resource →Animation & article
L-Serine (Ser, S)
Explore the properties of Serine, its molecular weight, and links to extensive resources. Discover its significance in biochemistry today!
Open resource →Animation & article
L-Cysteine (Cys, C)
Discover the properties of Cysteine, including its molecular weight and key resources for further research. Learn more about this vital amino acid.
Open resource →Animation & article
L-Methionine (Met, M)
Explore the properties and significance of Methionine (MW = 149.215) with insightful links and visual aids. Discover more!
Open resource →Animation & article
L-Isoleucine (Ile, I)
Discover the properties and significance of Isoleucine, its molecular weight, and related resources in this informative article.
Open resource →Animation & article
L-Leucine (Leu, L)
Explore the insights of the Leu titration curve and molecular weight in this detailed article. Perfect for science enthusiasts!
Open resource →Animation & article
L-Proline (Pro, P)
Explore the properties, significance, and resources related to Proline, including molecular weight and chemical databases.
Open resource →Animation & article
L-Valine (Val, V)
Discover the essential details about Valine, including its molecular weight, and links to key resources like PubChem and KEGG.
Open resource →Animation & article
Glycine (Gly, G)
Explore glycine's properties, molecular weight, and links to PubChem, KEGG, and more in this informative article.
Open resource →Article
Amino Acid Hydropathy Index
Explore the amino acid hydropathy index to understand protein structure and function. Learn how hydrophobicity influences biological roles.
Open resource →Animation & article
L-Alanine (Ala, A)
Explore the properties of L-Ala, including its molecular weight and pK values. Discover its significance in scientific research.
Open resource →Article
Amino Acids with Ionizable Side Chains (Spontaneous in Solution)
Explore the role of ionizable amino acid side chains in proteins and their impact on biochemical functions. Learn more about their significance!
Open resource →Article
Structure of Amino Acids in Proteins
Discover the essential role of amino acids in nutrition and health. Learn how they benefit your body and improve overall wellness.
Open resource →Animation & article
Amino Acid Stereochemistry
Explore the fascinating world of L-alanine through vibrant animations that illustrate its structure and functions in this engaging video.
Open resource →5 resources
Carbohydrates
Article
D-Ketose Carbohydrates (5-6 carbons; Haworth projections)
Explore the structure and properties of D-ketoses with 5-6 carbon atoms in this insightful article. Learn more about their role in biochemistry.
Open resource →Article
D-Aldose Carbohydrates (4-6 carbons; Haworth projections)
Explore the structure and properties of aldoses with 4 to 6 carbons, illustrated for enhanced understanding of their chemistry.
Open resource →Article
D-Ketose Carbohydrates (3-6 carbons; Fischer projections)
Explore the world of D-ketoses, focusing on their structure and importance in biochemistry with visual aids for better understanding.
Open resource →Article
D-Aldose Carbohydrates (3-6 carbons; Fischer projections)
Discover the structure and properties of D-aldoses with 3 to 6 carbons, illustrated for easy understanding and learning.
Open resource →Article
Glucose
Discover the molecular weight and key resources for glucose, a vital carbohydrate essential for energy in living organisms.
Open resource →5 resources
Enzyme kinetics
Article
Derivation of the Henderson-Hasselbach Equation
Derivation of the Henderson-Hasselbach Equation
Open resource →Article
Different Plots for Steady-state Enzyme Kinetics
Explore key enzyme kinetics concepts with detailed diagrams of Michaelis-Menten, Lineweaver-Burk, and Hanes-Woolf plots.
Open resource →Article
Derivation of the Hanes-Woolf Equation from the Michaelis-Menten Equation
Explore the derivation of the Hanes-Woolf Equation and its application in steady-state kinetics. Understand key concepts in theory.
Open resource →Article
Derivation of the Lineweaver-Burk Equation from the Michaelis-Menten Equation
Explore the derivation and application of the Lineweaver-Burk equation in steady-state kinetics to enhance your understanding of enzyme kinetics.
Open resource →Article
Derivation of the Michaelis-Menten Equation for Steady-state Enzyme Kinetics
Explore the derivation of the Michaelis-Menten equation and learn the foundations of steady-state kinetics in this informative article.
Open resource →1 resource
Enzyme mechanisms
Article
Malic Enzyme Mechanism
Discover the malic enzyme mechanism and its significance in metabolic processes. Explore key insights for a deeper understanding.
Open resource →1 resource
Equations
Article
Math Equations for Biochemistry
Explore key concepts in thermodynamics and enzyme kinetics, including equations for ΔG, K' and the Michaelis-Menten model.
Open resource →2 resources
Equilibrium binding
Article
Derivation of the Langmuir Equation for Single-Site Equilibrium Binding
Explore the derivation of the Langmuir equation and understand the fundamental principles behind simple equilibrium binding theory.
Open resource →Article
Derivation of the Quadratic Equation for Single-Site Equilibrium Binding
Discover the derivation of the quadratic equation through simple equilibrium binding theory. Enhance your understanding today!
Open resource →10 resources
Interactive tools
Interactive tool
Titration Curve Simulator
Titration Curve Simulator
Open resource →Interactive tool
Protein Property Explorer
Protein Property Explorer
Open resource →Interactive tool
Simple Equilibrium Binding Simulator
Simple Equilibrium Binding Simulator
Open resource →Interactive tool
Reversible Enzyme Inhibitor Simulator
Reversible Enzyme Inhibitor Simulator
Open resource →Interactive tool
Steady-State Enzyme Kinetics Simulator
Steady-State Enzyme Kinetics Simulator
Open resource →Interactive tool
Free Energy Diagram and Chemical Kinetics Simulator
Free Energy Diagram and Chemical Kinetics Simulator
Open resource →Interactive tool
Gibbs Free Energy and Law of Mass Action Simulator
Gibbs Free Energy and Law of Mass Action Simulator
Open resource →Interactive tool
Peptide Sequence Randomizer
Peptide Sequence Randomizer
Open resource →Interactive tool
Unimolecular Enzyme Kinetics Raw Data Simulator
Explore the MM, PI, and FR Enzyme Kinetics Simulator to model reversible reactions, analyze kinetic parameters, and visualize your results effectively.
Open resource →Interactive tool
Michaelis-Menten Kinetics Simulator
Explore the Enzyme Kinetics Simulator to visualize and analyze enzyme behavior with customizable parameters for Enzyme A and B.
Open resource →4 resources
Ionization and buffers
Article
Problem #2026-0004: Drawing the titration curve of NaH2PO4, titrated with HCl
Explore the titration curve of 1 L of 0.5 M NaH2PO4 after adding 1 molar equivalent of 10 M HCl. Understand the chemistry behind it!
Open resource →Article
Step-by-Step: How to Build a Titration Curve
Master the art of building a titration curve with our step-by-step guide and visuals. Perfect for chemistry students and educators!
Open resource →Article
Acetic Acid Titration Curve
Explore the acetic acid titration curve and understand key concepts in chemistry for accurate analysis and experiments.
Open resource →Article
pH and pOH Scale
Explore the relationship between pH and pOH in this detailed guide, showcasing their values and significance in chemistry.
Open resource →4 resources
Metabolism
Article
Aldolase Mechanism
Discover the Aldolase mechanism and its importance in biochemistry through our detailed article, complete with visual aids for clarity.
Open resource →Article
The Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle; Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle)
Explore the TCA cycle, its role in metabolism, and how it impacts energy production in this informative and detailed article.
Open resource →Article
Gluconeogenesis Pathway
Discover the process of gluconeogenesis, its significance in metabolism, and how it supports the body's energy needs.
Open resource →Article
Glycolysis Pathway
Explore the process of glycolysis and understand its key steps and significance in cellular metabolism.
Open resource →3 resources
Nucleotides
Article
Adenosine 5′-monophosphate (AMP)
MW = 345.21 g/mol pKa,α1 = 3.8; pKa,α2 = 6.8 PubChem KEGG ChEBI Wiki
Open resource →Article
Adenosine 5′-diphosphate (ADP)
MW = 424.18 g/mol pKa,α = 1.4; pKa,β1 = 3.8; pKa,β2 = 6.8 PubChem KEGG ChEBI Wiki
Open resource →Article
Adenosine 5′-triphosphate (ATP)
MW = 503.15 g/mol pKa,α = 0.9; pKa,β = 1.4; pKa,γ1 = 3.8; pKa,γ2 = 6.5 PubChem KEGG ChEBI Wiki
Open resource →4 resources
Other resources
Article
SI Units and Prefixes Commonly Used in Biochemistry
Discover essential physical quantities, their SI units, and symbols, along with metric prefixes and their multiplication factors.
Open resource →Article
Important Physical Constants in Biochemistry
Explore key scientific constants like Avogadro's number and Planck's constant, essential for understanding chemistry and physics.
Open resource →Article
Pyruvate
MW = 87.05 g/mol pKa = 2.50 PubChem KEGG ChEBI Wiki
Open resource →Article
Functional Groups in Biochemistry
Explore functional groups in chemistry and their significance in organic compounds with our comprehensive guide.
Open resource →3 resources
Peptides
Article
Problem #2026-0003: Name this peptide using 1-letter code
Explore the fascinating world of peptides and their benefits. Unlock the secrets to health and wellness with our expert insights!
Open resource →Article
Problem #2026-0002: Name this peptide using 1-letter code
Explore our detailed guide on peptides, their benefits, and how they can enhance your health and wellness. Discover more today!
Open resource →Article
Problem #2026-0001: Name this peptide using 1-letter code
Explore the basics of peptides, their functions, and benefits in this comprehensive guide designed for beginners and enthusiasts alike.
Open resource →1 resource
Protein binding
Article
Oxygen Binding Curves: Myoglobin vs Hemoglobin
Explore the differences in oxygen binding curves of myoglobin and hemoglobin, enhancing your understanding of their roles in biology.
Open resource →10 resources
Thermodynamics
Article
Law of Mass Action
Explore the Law of Mass Action and its implications in chemical reactions. Understand its principles for effective learning and application.
Open resource →Article
Gibbs Free Energy: Definition
Discover the concept of Gibbs free energy and learn how ΔG indicates the change in energy available for useful work in chemical reactions.
Open resource →Article
Gibbs Energy Diagrams
Explore Gibbs energy diagrams to understand thermodynamic processes, reactions, and equilibrium in detail.
Open resource →Article
Effect of Temperature on Gibbs Free Energy Change
Explore the key thermodynamic concepts of ΔH, ΔS, and ΔG to understand energy changes in chemical reactions and processes.
Open resource →Article
Relationship between the equilibrium constant and the standard free energy change for a reaction
Explore the relationship between Keq and ΔG° values, revealing insights into chemical reactions and their spontaneity.
Open resource →Article
Laws of Thermodynamics: Key Equations
Explore the three laws of thermodynamics and their implications on energy, entropy, and biochemical reactions under standard conditions.
Open resource →Article
Solution #2023-0002: Free energy of ATP hydrolysis vs pH
Problem #2023-0002: Assume the following intracellular conditions: [ATP] = 15 mM, [ADP] = 0.5 mM, [Pi] = 7.9 mM, pH = 7.4, and temperature = 37°C. Given the ΔG°′ for ATP hydrolysis is −30.5 kJ/mol, what is the overall ΔG…
Open resource →Article
Problem #2023-0002: Free energy of ATP hydrolysis vs pH
Assume the following intracellular conditions: [ATP] = 15 mM, [ADP] = 0.5 mM, [Pi] = 7.9 mM, pH = 7.4, and temperature = 37°C. Given the ΔG°′ for ATP hydrolysis is −30.5 kJ/mol, what is the overall ΔG (kJ/mol) for ATP…
Open resource →Article
Solution #2023-0001: Free energy of ATP hydrolysis
Problem #2023-0001: Assume the following intracellular conditions: [ATP] = 10 mM, [ADP] = 0.8 mM, [Pi] = 3.3 mM, pH = 7.0, and temperature = 37°C. Given the ΔG°′ for ATP hydrolysis is −30.5 kJ/mol, what is the overall ΔG…
Open resource →Article
Problem #2023-0001: Free energy of ATP hydrolysis
Assume the following intracellular conditions: [ATP] = 10 mM, [ADP] = 0.8 mM, [Pi] = 3.3 mM, pH = 7.0, and temperature = 37°C. Given the ΔG°′ for ATP hydrolysis is −30.5 kJ/mol, what is the overall ΔG (kJ/mol) for ATP…
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