1. First Law: Conservation of energy
  2. Second Law: Entropy of the universe tends to increase
  3. Third Law: System entropy approaches a constant value as temperature approaches absolute zero (temp = 0 K)
ΔG∘′=ΔH∘′−TΔS∘′\Delta G^{\circ}{\prime} = \Delta H^{\circ}{\prime} – T \Delta S^{\circ}{\prime}
ΔG∘′=−RTln⁡K′eq\Delta G^{\circ}{\prime} = -RT \ln K{\prime}_{eq}
K′eq=[products]eq[reactants]eqK{\prime}_{eq} = \frac{[products]_{eq}}{[reactants]_{eq}}

°Standard Conditions: 1 atm, 298 K, [reactants] and [products] = 1 M
′Biochemical Standard State: reaction in water (55.5 M) at pH = 1